In this section we'll first explain what types of evidence of Hemp cultivation there is, then summarise where and when Hemp was grown in Britain.

The evidence that Hemp was grown in Britain comes in several different forms. First there is some written evidence in parish records and government reports. There aren't that many references to Hemp, because agricultural practices were not widely written about. Secondly there are many places in Britain today with names such as "Hemphill" or "Hempriggs," and many more places are marked on old maps such as Hemp-buttis, Hempisfield and Hempriggis. Thirdly, there is evidence from pollen analysis of lake sediments, although again not much for two reasons. Firstly, the sites chosen for pollen studies, tended to avoid agriculturally favourable areas. Secondly, until 1987 it was diffficult to identify Hemp's pollen.

Sediment accumulates slowly at the bottom of lakes and the pollen of whatever plants were grown around the lake is buried with it. A metre of sediment contains a few hundred years of history, and the deeper you core the older it gets. The sediment can be carbon-dated or there may be distinctive bands of other plants' pollen which have known dates. Gradual variations in the amount of Hemp grown can be seen across the years.

England

There was an early peak in Hemp production in England from 800 - 1000 AD, followed by a slackening in interest by farmers as new crops were discovered. In the early sixteenth century, Hemp was re-introduced and its growth recommended. Large quantities of Hemp were needed to supply the English navy, and Henry the Eighth ordered his subjects to grow Hemp.

Large amounts of Hemp were grown in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, but not enough for the British Navy - the war against Napolean's France in 1812 was fought, in part, to control the supplies of Russian Hemp.

In Victorian times peasant-produced imported Hemp undercut domestic Hemp, and its growth died out in Britain.

Scotland

Hemp didn't appear in Scotland until about 1000 AD, 200 years later than in England. There was a general explosion in agriculture around this time (shown in the pollen records) and Hemp was one of a number of crops, such as cereals and carrotts, that were grown widely for the first time. By 1200, agriculture became more intensive in Scotland, and specialist crops were grown in different areas. Thus Hemp became less common in most of Scotland, but stayed an important crop near the fishing communities where Hemp was used for fishing nets, ropes and sails for the fishing boats, and where manure and seaweed were availiable for fertilizer. Hemp was grown in Scotland up to the 18th century when Hemp fields were replaced by the wooded estates of the gentry.

Place names which still exist include:

Hemphill (Kilmarnock Parish, Aryshire) Hempland (Torthorwald, Dumfriesshire) Hempriggs (Wick, Caithness) Hempy Shot (Oldhamstocks, East Lothian)

Place names found on old maps include:

Hemp-buttis (1556, Auchtermuchty, Fife) Hempriggis (1571, Alves, Morayshire) Hempisfield (1642, Plenderleith, Roxburghshire) Hempshaugh (1663, Selkirk)

The Kelton (Kirkcudbright-shire) Kirk Session Minutes of 1724 mentioned that a man appeared before the church court because he had thrown a woman against a Hemp rigg, while another old history book records that a papal legate travelling in Scotland in the fifteenth century observed, in every rural habitation, the people employed in separating the Hemp from the stalks. Other old books mentionedHemp being grown in:

Two lake cores, taken from Black Loch in north-west Fife (near Newburgh) and Kilconquhar Loch in south-east Fife (near Elie) were analysed for Hemp pollen. In Black Loch, cannabis appeared around 1045, at the time of the increase in agriculture. Large amounts of Hemp were grown until 1210 after which there was a decline and no more Hemp was grown after 1265. In Kilconquhar Loch, however, Hemp pollen was found consistently throughout the core, only dissapearing during the eighteenth century.

In Medieval times, religious hospitals commonly grew Hemp. Hemp features in the recommended plants section of the great religious gardening books! Many monastic houses have areas of land named after Hemp, and some have remnants of Hemp-retting pools. It is likely that Hemp was mainly grown for its fibre, but also for medicine for the hospitals.